Impact of Technology on Young People

As a kid I would beg and beg to use the computer. †No. I'm on Facebook†, my sister would say in exasperation as I moaned at the unfairness of it all. She would sit in the corner of the room for hours upon end, her expressionless face lit up by the bright screen of the family computer. Always sulking with anger and frustration, yet enthralled by the on-goings within the world of the web. I wondered how something she enjoyed so much could affect her mood in the way it did. I would soon learn to understand this and experience the same teenage angst; a feeling that is certainly maximised by the negative effects of technology.Teens of the 21st century have grown up in a society where technology is constantly developing and upgrading. Its use in everyday life is becoming ever more prominent and it is used to such an extent that it is bound to have a considerable impact on the lives of the young. Mobile phones, games consoles, laptops, iPods. We are encouraged by giant corporati ons to demand the latest gadgets, often without considering their importance to us. As The Black Eyed Peas recently said, ‘this is the NOW generation’.The most popular application of modern-day technology is undoubtedly the internet. Young people are particularly keen on using social networks. Websites such as Facebook and Twitter are fantastic in the way they allow us to keep in touch with our friends. But what impact do these sites actually have on us? Well, I’ll begin telling you by dismantling the name ‘social media’. Ironically, these sites have more of an anti-social impact on teens than they do a social one. Their use is addictive by nature. Users often find themselves glued to the screens of their phones and laptops, while communicating with their friends online.Some teens don’t understand that you can actually have a real conversation with these ‘friends’ by getting off your ass and meeting up with them in the real world! It is laughable that a large number of teens genuinely believe social networking suffices as a form of real social activity. You can send people as many messages as you want, it won’t improve the people skills that you will need later in life. As entertaining as social networks may be, I believe that addictive technology like them is isolating individuals from society and nurturing a new generation of young adults with substandard social abilities.When I was originally introduced to Twitter, I saw it as a wonder of the internet. It was and still is a wonderful website. You can carefully tailor the information that is supplied to you by choosing who you wish to ‘’follow’’ and it works by bombarding you with a constant stream of information in a matter of seconds. Believe me, it has a very rich entertainment value. However, it can become extremely addictive and is often used excessively. I experienced this for myself last year. Very frequently, I wou ld come home and spend my time scrolling through my twitter feed for the remainder of the day.By over-using it, Twitter became a hindrance to both my school work and social life. So when I realised that I had to control my usage, I decided to take a break from all forms of social media. The 6 months that followed were hugely refreshing. I began to feel a lot happier and generally more energetic when I wasn’t glued to my laptop. Without a doubt, I advise other students to try out a similar solution. The cold turkey made me realise how technology impacts adversely on young people. For the first time in my life, I felt fortunate to still possess my ancient, battered Sony Ericsson. I was and am no longer jealous of those who flash about their expensive touch-screen whatever megapixel phones. I am glad that I’m unable to download the latest ‘’ios4 update’’. I use my phone to ring people because that’s the function that Alexander Graham Bell decided it would have.Children growing up today are immersed in technology while they are developing and still experiencing the joys of childhood. Many believe that it is vital they are taught about I.T. from an early age as it is such an integral part of modern society. As the internet is becoming ingrained in our lives, computer skills are clearly becoming vital. However, can we justify the encouragement of technology in a child’s life when the long-term effects of its use are yet to be uncovered? I don’t think so. Experts believe that technology can elevate a child’s exasperation, diminish their patience levels and hinder their writing and communication skills. I would go as far to say that parents who encourage and allow their children to use technology excessively are morally in the wrong.When we think back to our childhood, what memories stand out for us the most? For me, it is those long summer days that were spent outside. Being active. Exploring. Racin g go-karts. Building tree houses. Playing sports. These activities shaped us and built our characters. Without them we would be boring. And the truth is that overindulging in technology halts an active life. This technological generation endangers children from missing out on an important stage of their development. No one says ‘’remember that time I shot a load of Nazi zombies on Call Of Duty’’ .It is seriously worrying that a child would choose to confine him/herself to the realms of a virtual world rather than experience childhood as it should be. The impact of an unfulfilled childhood can be devastating in later life. This is another reason why the influence of technology should be controlled and moderated, especially in relation to young people.I expect the impact of technology on the young generation to become clearer at a later date. A divide may well emerge between the characteristics of those who were brought up under a technological influence and those who were shielded from technology during their childhood. A neurological divide, to be precise. In a survey released in 2011, 55% agreed with a statement that in 2020 the brains of young people would be â€Å"wired† differently from those over 35.The excessive use of technology may effectively cause this to happen. Because internet access is becoming increasingly efficient, we are constantly gaining a thirst for instant gratification. Online, we have access to innumerable content at incredible speeds. Our concentration span must be deteriorating as we now rely on a constant feed of information to satisfy our shallow brains. It’s quite sad that the immediate reaction to our problems is often simply ‘’I’ll google it’’ or ‘’Yahoo Answers will know this’’. We’ve stopped thinking about these problems ourselves. What’s the point? The answers are already there, on the internet. Perhaps, the deep thinking skills our ancestors once possessed are becoming lost upon the youth of today. Computers have begun to re-wire us with different intellectual capabilities.The same 55% in the survey of 2011 predicted that the youth of today would excel in mental processing and in searching effectively for information online. I would label these qualities as traits of a robot. Technology takes away our spirit and our ability to think for  ourselves. And by glancing around a typical group of students, you may observe a certain lack of atmosphere. You will notice some students who choose not to interact with each other, instead, all attention fixed on their phones. The sad reality is that these devices are responsible for de-humanising our society.Despite this, technology is constantly developing and often for a good outcome. But some might say that we were better off in the days when apple and blackberry were just fruit.

Crime in the 21st Century: Technology and Terrorism Essay

It is an accepted fact that globalization has been a dominant development of the 21st century. Together with globalization, the major crimes in the 21st century became also global in scope and nature. The website policy-traccc. gmu. edu/ (2008) cited Louise I. Shelley, Director of George Mason University School of Public Policy as saying that â€Å"Terrorists and transnational crime groups will proliferate because these crime groups are major beneficiaries of globalization. They take advantage of increased travel, trade, rapid money movements† (1st para. ). Based from the statement, the major crimes in the 21st century in the likes of Sept. 11, 2001 of World Trade Center and the subsequent activities of Al Queda were considered as terrorist-related crimes. Terrorism which is domestic in nature was defined by www. tfft. co. uk (2008) through Boaz Ganor, an expert in the same field as â€Å"the intentional use of, or threat to use violence against civilians or against civilian targets, in order to attain political aims. †(1st para. ). Based on the definition, the target victims of domestic terrorism were the local population of a particular community or communities within a country. Kofi Annan, the UN Secretary General define international terrorism as â€Å"any action intended to kill or seriously harm civilians or non-combatants, with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling action by a government or international organization† (â€Å"Discussion of definitions and the possibility of amalgamation†, 4th par. ). In both definitions, the use of violence, the target are individuals or a country or an international organization and the purpose is to attain political objectives were the salient points. Related to use of violence against individuals or an international organization, experience in 9/11 bombing will tell us that the impact of terrorist act is much intense when it was done in a surprise manner. In this age of great technological advancement, it is imperative for a government to use technology to pre- empt terrorist acts which usually result to great destruction of lives and properties. In order to promote development of anti-terrorism technology, the US Congress after the 9/11 has acted decisively and passed the Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies (SAFETY) Act. This act provides protection to sellers, manufacturers, distributors and providers of hi-tech anti-terrorism gadgets and instruments. As a result, about 200 different companies were awarded the SAFETY Act certification. (Cafarano, 2008). This paper aims to document the availability of the latest high technology instruments, what is the principle behind such instrument and elucidate how the government is using the gadgets to 2 pre-empt surprise terrorist attacks. It was mentioned by Louise I. Shelley, Director of George Mason University School of Public Policy that terrorists usually use the benefits of globalization related to increased travel, trade and rapid money movements. This was the reason why terrorists were always associated with urban centers, buses, airplanes, airports and places where people usually congregate. The following are the popular ant- terrorism gadgets so far invented: The Anti Human-Bomb Bus In Israel and Iraq, the suicide bomber is one of the most deadly threats to innocent citizens. Numerous prevention techniques have been developed to address this problematic threat. According to Holmes, et al (2005), in Israel bus system, a new technology aimed at preventing suicide bombers from boarding a bus was invented and being used at present. This is achieved by detecting explosives from approaching passengers. Developed by Israeli Military Industries, the system takes the form of turnstile fitted with shield sensors. The sensors can detect explosives at a distance of up to a meter from the bus. When the sensor detect a suspicious passenger, the turnstile remains blocked and a red warning light flashes near the bus driver. A green light flashes when a boarding passenger is not a threat. Another turnstile at the rear of the bus allows passenger to get off the rear but not board it in cases of emergencies. The bus windows were bullet and shrapnel – proof and a communication system can allow the driver to talk to waiting passengers outside and call for help in emergencies. A bus with these features costs $25,000. 00. Rapiscan Airport Scanner This technology was developed as an answer to the improvements needed with neutron and ion detector technology (Panel on Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security, 2008) According to the Panel, the drawback of the two technology instruments earlier developed is that it cannot detect explosives and other materials if hidden under lead cover and plastic materials. According to Holmes, et al , the instrument was called Rapiscan Secure 1000 and function by scanning the passenger like a virtual strip search. The machine uses a low-level reflective x-ray technology to scan a person’s body through their clothing thus showing clearly metal objects like guns and explosives wrapped in plastics. Civil liberties advocates were opposed in using it due to the virtual strip effect. The technology has been considered for compulsory use in airports. The potential of people being embarrassed due to virtual strip effect of the scanner can be avoided by separating the male from female. The eXaminer This is an advanced form of Explosive Detection System (EDS) and is currency being used in the Middle East although the technology is still being perfected in the US according to Holmes,et al. The instrument is called the Examiner 3DX600 and being used to detect explosives in baggage and not from people. This instrument uses advanced Computer Tomography that result to complete 3D image reconstruction of entire bags and analyzes any potential hazards from the baggage without the need for opening it. This reduces the likelihood of exposure of staff to hazardous stuff inside the baggage. . This EDS can completely and continuously scan over 500 bags an hour. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology and Biometrics This new system is called US-VISIT. It scans photographs of the visitor’s face and index finger into a computer and matched with the criminal data base of the federal agencies. According to infowars. com (2005), the RFID technology practically is an invisible automatic ID check by the government and has long been needed in clogged border system of most countries particularly the US. With RIFD technology, people or objects are identified automatically and swiftly. The technology allow vehicles outfitted with the technology to pass through toll plazas without stopping but will be stopped in borders if their identifying data produce red flags; if otherwise, they will just be stopped for a brief check without lengthy questioning. The website declared that â€Å"U. S. officials want to see if the same technology that speeds cars through highway tolls and identifies lost pets can unclog border crossings without compromising security†. As part of the biometric data base, foreign visitors at the 50 busiest land border crossings in 10 states of the US are now being fingerprinted. The chips with identifying information will be placed in a document such as the State Department issued border crossing cards for those making regular short trips across the Mexican border. The chips can also be attached to an antenna that transmit data to a handheld or stationary reader which then converts the radio waves from the RFID tag into a code that links to identifying biometric information in a computer database of border agents. The use of biometrics which involve the physiological and behavioral characteristics for identification purposes has been initiated by the US to enhance security and identification (Batch, et al, 2006). There 4 were considerations however related to its wide scale collection like its practicality and social impact which infringe on self’s autonomy. To address the concerns, the NRC and the CIA were undertaking comprehensive assessments on current biometric capabilities and future possibilities. Summary and Conclusion It was documented that 21st century crimes were mostly international terrorism in nature and can be linked to advances in technology and globalization especially with the ease of international travel and readily available financing through electronic money transfers. Since terrorists were using the technological advances in doing their crimes to achieve their political aims, the countries were also doing its best to encourage companies and individuals to develop technologically advanced gadgets to pre-empt surprise attacks which were the very common style of terrorist activities. In the US, a total of over 200 companies were registered and given the incentive of being free from legal suit and damages for them to continue their business of inventing instruments aimed at pre-empting terrorism. Only a few newly invented gadgets were available in literature. A number of them being done by the 200 companies according to unwritten sources were highly confidential in nature and therefore no literature yet are available. This was being done by the US Defense Department so that the terrorist themselves will be surprised that their planned acts of terrorism has been long monitored and therefore will think twice before implementing their plan. Surprise attack and defense has been the name of the game against terrorists. The new gadgets documented in this paper were living proof that government is not winking their eyes even for a moment and always several steps ahead of terrorist plans. The government was aware that terrorism cannot be stopped and can only be prevented from happening for the time being but the plan and danger will always be there as experienced in 9/11 bombing. Terrorism is man- made and the inspiration which fuel terrorist acts is a product of an insane mind. This cowardice act can only survive in a society which is ill- prepared and whose ideals were blurred by the blinding light of success and achievements. After the 9/11 incident, we can no longer judge the readiness of one country towards terrorism. The technological advances made it possible to hide all the preparations and readiness in the pretext that everything is topsy-turvy and no one dares to make the first move. Technology will save us all. 5 References Batch, K. , Millett, L. , and Pato, J. (2006). Summary of a Workshop on the Technology, Policy, and Cultural Dimensions of Biometric Systems. Washington. National Academy of Sciences. 62 pp. Cafarano, J. (2008). Backgrounder #213:Fighting Terrorism, Addressing Liability: A Global Proposal. May 21, 2008. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved November 8, 2008 from http://www. heritage. org/Research/NationalSecurity/bg2138. cfm Holmes, A. , Abarra, O. , Chamberlain, A. , Chan, W. , Ho, K. , Hsiao, A. , Von Lendeiner, J. and Nusibeth, Z. (2005). Technologies for Fighting Terrorism. 2004/2005. Retrieved November 8, 2008 from http://www. tfft. co. uk/Files/Report. pdf Infowars. com (2005). Radio Technology to Fight Terrorism. TechNewsWorld. February 5, 2005. Retrieved November 9, 2008 from http://www. infowars. com/articles/bb/radio_tech_to_fight_terrorism. htm Panel on Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council (1999). The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security. Washington. National Academy of Sciences. 58 pp. Shelley, L. (2008). TraCC: Devoted to understanding of crime scope and causes and to formulating policy to reduce the problem. George Mason University School of Public Policy. Retrieved November 8, 2008 from http://policy-traccc. gmu. edu/ Tfft. co. uk. (ca 2007). Discussion of definitions and the possibility of amalgamation. Technologies for Fighting Terrorism. Retrieved November 8, 2008 from http://www. tfft. co. uk/ApproachEnd. htm

Community & Economic Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community & Economic Development - Essay Example For the purpose of understanding the issue, the city of Orlando can be used as a case example. It is of the essence to note that different locations are endowed differently when it comes to the endowment of business opportunities. This is something, which ranges from one location to another. There are a few things, which a person who wants to engage in the business ought to consider. The individual in question ought to ask himself or herself whether it feels right or whether the decision that is made makes sense at all. This is bearing in mind the financial implications, which come into perspective. There are certain things, which make Orlando a good and attractive business spot in the country. For starters, there are several industries, which are located in the city. These are significant pointers of how businesses and the private sector can be influential in the creation of jobs to individuals in the population. The presence of many of these industries in the city makes it possible for people to seek employment and get it in the long run. At the same time, these businesses may come up with incentives, which may serve to attract even more individuals from the local population. In most cases, the incentives in this scenario are always better in comparison to those from the government. As a result, a significant number of individuals in the population will opt to go into the businesses as opposed to seeing employment that is initiated by the government or the local authorities. The role, which the business sector plays when it comes to the city of Orlando, is a fact, which cannot be overlooked. The local authorities have also recognized this and as such, the policies, which they develop in relation to business activities, are those, which are favorable to the individuals who have the desire to engage in business activities. The authorities have also realized that through their partnerships with business entities and

British Politics and the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

British Politics and the European Union - Essay Example As observed by Scheffler (2008: 37), the media has been given whole opportunity to highlight the weaknesses of European Union and as a result, the sense of skepticism has continued to deepen. This has also resulted into the deepening of the differences between the parties in the integration and hence resulting into a more sophisticated debate on the merits of the integration. This is believed to be one of the reasons that have shaped the British approach to Europe which is important as well before one can describe British as an awkward partner in the union (Bache & Jordan, 2006:4). However, these are failures of the government and do not justify the British awkwardness with respect to the affairs of the integration. As stated by Booker & Richard (2003:174), however, all independent nations would want to benefit from all the economic integrations tat they are engaged in and hence would participate in the affairs of such integrations if they benefit. Lack of favoritism policies of the European Union is therefore perceived as a reason for awkwardness.However, as stated by Bache & Jordan (2006:5), the late membership of Britain to the European Union must have cost the nation greatly. Since Britain joined the European Union late after other members states had joined and set rules and regulations, some politicians have argued that the rules were set in favor of the existing members. As a result, Britain has not benefited much from the joining of the integration (2006:5).... dent nations would want to benefit from all the economic integrations tat they are engaged in and hence would participate in the affairs of such integrations if they benefit. Lack of favoritism policies of the European Union is therefore perceived as a reason for awkwardness. However, as stated by Bache & Jordan (2006:5), the late membership of Britain to the European Union must have cost the nation greatly. Since Britain joined the European Union late after other members states had joined and set rules and regulations, some politicians have argued that the rules were set in favor of the existing members. As a result, Britain has not benefited much from the joining of the integration. This means that the policies and regulations of the integration do not benefit the nation. The rules that were set in favor of the founding members states therefore presents a technical constraint to Britain and hence presents it as an awkward member. This reflects the fact that the political practices as well as the constitutional attitudes of the founders of the European Union are different from those that the United Kingdom was accustomed. The relationship between the integration and the United Kingdom is therefore very difficult as the nations and the Union’s policies and constitutions are not homogenous. The differences in the constitution have therefore presented difficulties with regard to the United Kingdom’s relation to the integration. For example, the basis of the European Union is the separation of the powers of institutions as well as political coalitions unlike the British’s emphasis on centralized state, an adversarial â€Å"winner take all† as a style of party politics and the informal constitution. In this context, it is difficult for the nation to benefit adequately

International Tourism Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

International Tourism Marketing - Essay Example This number represented a growth of 6.6 percent when compared to that of 2009. Receipts for international tourism grew by $919 billion in 2010, a number that corresponded to a rise in real terms of 4.7 percent (Corigliano and Baggio, 2004:301). Many countries around the world used to depend solely on other means of generating income. Introduction However, as time went by and economic analysts realized what tourism and its related businesses could do for a country’s growth, they initiated measures that aimed at encouraging intensive investment in tourism. In contrast to those other economic activities, tourism bases on competitive advantages and has the potent ability of creating additional income, growth, and job opportunities for many decades to come (Au, 2010:4). Estimates depict that international tourist arrivals will be more than 1.6 billion in 2020. International tourism suffered a setback due to the terrorist attacks that took place on September 11 that pushed the US ec onomy and indeed many others into recession. The September 11 terrorism attacks led to erosion of consumer confidence in travel (Akehurst, 2009:52). This traumatic blow delivered directly to the US tourism and leisure travel as well as domestic travel had no comparison even to the Kosovo or the Gulf War. As a result, the US economy took longer than projected as opposed to Germany and Britain (Fayal and Garrard, 2005:47). Given the tremendous results of international tourism as well as the possible challenges affecting its growth, this paper will seek to analyze the significance of social media in international tourism marketing. As of today, the behavior of consumers in tourism is different due to the hyperactive competition, digitization of the world economy, and the effects of globalization. This trend is becoming a multidimensional concept whereby people view it as an outcome of a dynamic system based on relations between the processes involved in motivation, attitude, effective manifestation, information, and perception (Corigliano and Baggio, 2004:302). With this respect, to research certain dimensions those are congruent to consumer behavior in international tourism in order to determine the consumption and purchasing pattern of the respective customers is essential. This helps in tailoring and catering for the customers’ needs and wants, which in turn translates to return or repeat business (Akehurst, 2009:53). As this essay depends highly on international tourism market and the diversity ascribing to this market, this sector requires bidders to put much focus niche marketing. Simultaneously, market segmentation becomes a subject with an attractive strategy, viability, and high as well as potential rates of profitability in this framework. The role of marketing research in international tourism market segmentation With the main objective of every company being to satisfy their customers, companies with a strong orientation pay special attention t o the behavior of consumers whereby they capitalize on the information that they obtain with the view of attracting new customers and retaining the existing ones (Corigliano and Baggio, 2004:303). In this context, it is agreeable that the complexity of international tourism marketing puts more emphasis on the importance for market segmentatio

Demand assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Demand assessment - Essay Example There are various options for controlling diffuse pollution which are listed and discussed in the following sections. Soil and water pollution is a common feature of population growth which is brought about by industrialization, development in agriculture, and exploitation of natural resources. Man-made chemicals, pest control, discharge from agricultural activities; and chemical waste products from industries all contribute towards pollution. Diffuse pollution is a form of pollution which results from long term contamination from urban or rural human activities. Diffuse pollution originates from different sources. In rural areas diffuse pollution has a different context when compared to urban diffuse pollution. Rural diffuse pollution problems arise from poaching livestock, spraying of chemicals, the use of fertilisers in farming, soil erosion due to extensive forestry etc. These problems can be controlled by using the following options: Nitrogen and phosphorus are harmful chemicals which lost from the soil seep into groundwater and surface waters, and pollute them. Agro chemicals impact the ecology of river waters and drinking water through mere 0.1ÃŽ ¼g/1 (Defra 2009) Experts (DArcy 2004; Halm and Grathwohl 2005) are of the view that diffuse pollution control strategies should either reduce or restrict polluting substances. These can be achieved by adopting combination strategies to improve the environment. Intervention should be based on the following hierarchy of preferred control measures: The most preferred control option(s) for diffuse pollution should fall into the three broad categories of drainage infrastructure, containment or behavioural change. From the above listed diffuse pollution control options, the author recommends the following for each problem: i. Pollution from livestock - fencing of livestock is a viable option as it would help contain cattle heads

Bronze Mirrors of Ancient Chinese Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bronze Mirrors of Ancient Chinese Art - Essay Example In the beginning, bronze mirrors had a very low and rough quality. However, during the Warring States, Western and Eastern Han dynasties, these mirrors qualities had improved considerably. Like its glass counterpart, the bronze mirror is smoothly polished on one side to reflect the image of its user. The other side is decorated with inscriptions and adorned with carvings, thus turning it into a valuable art object. During the time of the Warring States, the mirror had a ring of decorations such as animal masks, dragons or flowers. When the Western Han phase begun the mirror became thicker with supernatural beings and geometric patterns. Apart from pictures, the mirrors were also beginning to contain inscribed words which stated emotions like "keep me in mind, forget me not." By the 10th century this mirror's shape began to change. It could be round or oblong and also be with or without handles. Bronze mirrors were found in the tombs of individuals living in Ancient China. These mirrors were said to represent love for the Chinese living in those times. As a love token, these mirrors were buried in tombs to ensure that the love was carried on in the afterworld. The belief held by the people of Ancient China meant that there a life in the hereafter. The soul was believed to live on after death. However, the trip to the afterlife meant that the dead would have to drink a potion. This potion was responsible for making them forget the memories of their lifetime. Couples who wished to remain together were buried with a half of the mirror. When they entered the afterworld, they would meet and match their mirrors. This allowed them to live their lives together. Thus, the bronze mirror was a symbol of love which allowed devoted couples to remain together during their lifetime and the love to prevail in the hereafter. The bronze mirror has been found in tombs and graves of many of those belonging to the Ancient Chinese civilization. This is because the mirror did not symbolize love alone. Some mirrors have been placed on top of burial chambers or at the four corners of a coffin. With placing like this it is evident that the mirror is sought to provide protection to those under it. The mirror was viewed as a spiritual entity. It was thought to assume a power that could ward of danger. Thus, by placing it on gravesites and tombs, those living in Ancient China hoped to discard and remove evil spirits that might threaten or endanger their paths. Another feature of the mirror was its ability to differentiate the corrupt from the honest. This was especially so because of the number of officials who worked in the Imperial courts in Ancient China. These individuals would be dishonest and create a deterrent for the ruling King to be successful. An Ancient Chinese myth claimed that the mirror could show the true divinity of the soul. While it was not helpful in removing the fraudulent officials of court, it was still held with the greatest regard by the people of the time. Thus, the mirror was also viewed as an object that did not merely reflect the physical image of its looker but also the spiritual essence of his soul. It was responsible for showing not only the faults of the gazer but also the knowledge he possessed. The mirror was felt to see the individual in their entirety. Bronze mirrors are found in various museums today and are a valued item

Journal Articles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal Articles - Research Paper Example Although there is not much difference between a manger and a leader most football managers assume the role of maximizing the output of the sports team by effectively organizing, staffing and directing. Moreover, this paper sought to distinguish characteristics that would lead to the appointment of an effective manager to help direct the future success of a sports team. Unfortunately the paper did not distinguish a simple clear cut manager characteristic and postulated that effective management varies across player characteristics and the organizational environment. The next section of the paper distinguished leadership qualities. Quite simply leadership was defined as the attempt to influence others through a variety of mechanisms. Unfortunately the relationship between manager and player is complex and depends largely on the organizational goals (Maintaining team status for example). Without getting into too much detail the paper outlined a great deal of early research pertaining to traits and skills of effective leadership but what proved to be very effective was a strong degree of consistency. Interactional approaches to leadership was covered in brief yet stressed the importance of differentiating between task-oriented football managers and relationship oriented football managers.

The Hacking Threats and Vulnerablilities of Wireless Networks in Term Paper

The Hacking Threats and Vulnerablilities of Wireless Networks in Organizations - Term Paper Example This increases their chances of interception, disruption and alteration as compared to wired networks. Confidentiality can be highly compromised if the message is not encrypted. This can allow an unauthorized person to read the message. Sources of Threats and Vulnerabilities in Wireless Networks In wireless networks four basic technology components face security threats. These are; the transmission medium, access points, client devices (for example computers, PDAs) and the clients. Each one of them can become a loophole for any or all the other components to be attacked. Unauthorized access to an organizations wireless network can result from an accidental association. This is where someone outside the organization turns their computer on and it connects to the organization’s network from a wireless Access Point (AP) (Anthes and Hoffman, 2003). Though it is not intentional, it compromises on the confidentiality of the organization’s information. It could lead to a link from one organization to another. Hacking can also be done by people forming a malicious association. They make their own wireless devices to connect to the organization’s network. They use a cracking laptop, called â€Å"soft AP†, to access the organization’s information instead using the of organization’s AP. ... According to Anthes and Hoffman (2003), hackers can be able to listen to an organization’s communications and identify the MAC address of the organization’s computer. This is called Identity theft /MAC spoofing. Hackers use programs that tend to ‘sniff’ networks hence gain unauthorized access to an organization’s network. They also use some software that makes a computer to pretend to have all MAC addresses required by the hacker. A computer can be enticed to log into another computer that has been set up as a soft AP by hackers. This allows a cracker to link to an organization’s legal AP using a wireless card that offers a continuous traffic flow through the hacking computer (Anthes and Hoffman, 2003). hackers can also utilize existing security faults and abuse of protocols example Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to carry out a â€Å"de-authentication attack†. This is where the organization’s computers connected to the organization’s AP drop their connections and connect to the soft AP of the cracker. Software such as LANjack and AirJack enhance hacking because they automate multiple steps of the connection process (Clay, 2006). Hackers can launch attacks meant to deny the organization services through the organization’s network. This is called Denial of service (DoS). A cracker will bombard an organization’s AP or network with, premature successful connection messages, bogus requests and other commands. As a result of this, the organization may no longer access their network. The network can also crash as a result of this (Clay, 2006).Hackers can also inject false network re-configuration commands. This will tamper with the intelligent hubs, routers and

Networking and communication sys (sockets) Assignment

Networking and communication sys (sockets) - Assignment Example In contrast, for example, when we send letter through post office, no connection is established between the sender and receiver of the letter .To reestablish connection in this connectionless communication system, next letter is the only option. Fig 2 Connection –oriented and Connectionless Socket Programming(Ginni T. 2010) 3. Analyzing the flow of code from top to bottom gives a better understanding. Set up few variables to store information on the IP address and port on which the socket server will be executed to generate socket. Next, bound it to the specified addresses and port. Wait for incoming requests to establish connections. Once a client connection is received, the socket accepts the request to handle information exchange. Client now sends some data as input, which is read by the server socket and executed. Both generated sockets are terminated after server sends output back to the client (as in Khanna S.1995). Summarizing, the four important steps in socket program ming between client and server involves; opening the socket; opening an input and output stream to the socket; reading from and writing to the socket according to server protocols; cleaning up . 4. Socket is implemented at the client side for sending requests to the machine port, and requires IP/hostname (address) of the server while Server Socket, executed on the server side, listens and answers client queries in reference to its port number. 5. Thread is the smallest unit of processes during execution that can be scheduled by an operating system. It is used for duplication of computer programs, when two or more tasks are executed concurrently. The thread has four high level states namely, ready, running, waiting and dead. Fig 3. A process with two threads of execution (Shaw Philip 2011) 6. Threads can be created by either implementing runnable interface when requirement is of single thread and extending the thread class for multiple threads. Depending on number of threads either o f the two process is preferred. Extending Thread Class Fig4.Thread Creation(Olira G.) is preferred while creating multiple threads. 7. When a thread instead of being scheduled by current operating system is lined up by virtual machine, its called green thread whereas working thread usually handles many concurrent tasks, allocating one thread to perform one task. 8. Thread is the smallest unit of processes during execution, which can be organized by an operating system whereas runnable is an interface used to create threads in the same process. Implementing a Runnable may have some advantages over extending thread while creating single thread. 9. Multithreading is the execution of different parts of a process  called  threads,  simultaneously at the same time without interfering with each other. In reference to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads (or tasks) to the shared resources so that one thread do not alter a shared v ariable while another is in the process and hence, avoiding errors. In the diagram there are three threads of a single process, each with a different query and response. Fig5. Synchronization in Multithreading(LandrieuS.,2008) 10. Preemptive scheduling is the act of temporarily interrupting a  task  being carried out by the processor and resuming it later. Time slicing is the time period for which

FIFA World Cup 2014 In Brazil Essay Example for Free

FIFA World Cup 2014 In Brazil Essay In 2014 Brazil will host one of the most important competitions for the sports. It is the FIFA world cup. It will be the 20th official FIFA world cup and it will happen between June 12 and July 14 of 2014. This is the 20th edition of this competition and will be contested by the mens national teams from the 208 member associations of the FIFA. Brazil will be host the competition for the second time. The first time was in 1950 right after the World War 2. The two world cups before the one in 1950 got canceled because of the war. Seventeen cities showed interest in being chosen as world cup host cities, but usually FIFA only approves 8 to 10 cities so they ended up choosing 12 cities in 12 different states. The final game will happen in Rio de Janeiro at the Macarana stadium. The opening ceremony was supposed to happen at Sao Paulo’s football club stadium but technical problems wouldn’t allow it so a brand new stadium will be built just for the world cup. Rio de Janeiro is one of the most popular cities and is the second largest cities of Brazil, containing 6.3 million people and it is very famous for the samba, carnival and the Christ of Redeemer. Maracana is their principal and biggest stadium. It was built for the world cup in 1050. It was renovated in 2006 and fits 82 000 people but in the days it used to fit almost 200 000 people. Sao Paulo is also a popular city. Sao Paulo is the largest city in South and Central America. The population use a lot of public transportation because cars are v ery expensive and there is a lot of traffic. Sao Paulo is known as the â€Å"motor of the economy† because a lot of big companies has their bases in Sao Paulo.

Management Of Minor Injuries

Management Of Minor Injuries Introduction: As part of this minor injuries course we have been asked to provide a 3000 word assignment utilising a case method as means of researching a patient scenario we experienced during clinical practise. Case study method enables a researcher to investigate an individual and evaluate these findings and relate this evidence to clinical practice ( REFERENCE 1) Case studies are also often subjective and based around a personal experience or memorable patient (REFERENCE 2), whilst identified by (REFERENCE 3) that these case studies do not provide a great amount of empirical and statistical evidence, (REFERENCE 4) highlights that case study methods stimulate critical thinking and help practitioners apply theory to clinical practice. For this case study I have chosen a patient who I treated for an Achilles tendon rupture. This assignment will aim to document the assessment of a patient in the acute stage of injury discuss the initial management of the injury discuss the treatment plans available conclude how this case study has impacted on my clinical practise The Achilles tendon is given its name by Greek hero Achilles as the largest and strongest tendon within the human body, Patel and Haddad (2006). It connects the calf muscle (gastrocnemius) to the heel bone (calcaneus) and is located below the skin at the back of the ankle.(reference needed) As the calf muscle contracts it provides it enables the foot to be pointed downwards (plantarflexion) It is this action that enables us to walk, run, jump and to stand on our toes.(reference needed) Despite great forces applied through this tendon it is vulnerable due to its limited blood supply, the least vascularised area being 2 to 6 cm above the calcaneum. This diminished blood supply predisposes this region to chronic tendonitis and potential rupture. (reference 5) Kerr (2005) suggests three main attributing factors are leading to an increase in rupture. Increased sedentary lifestyle Rising popularity of recreational sports especially in older men An increasing proportion of people are overweight 75% of Achilles injuries occur during sporting activities, and research indicates this is occurring with patients who describe themselves as novice or beginners (Josza et al, 1989). As ENPs it is important that we are able to differentiate between an acute tendon injury and other complaints i.e. gastrocnemius tears in order to treat, advice and refer appropriately. Misdiagnosis or delay in treatment can lead to gait dysfunction and chronic pain. The following case study is a true event of a patient I assessed during my clinical placement. To maintain the patients confidentiality he will be referred to as Mr Smith. CASE STUDY: 68 year old retired gentleman, no drug allergies, no significant past or ongoing medical problems. Mr Smith attended the emergency department at 10.00 and was booked in with a limb problem. I greeted Mr Smith, explained my role as a training Emergency Nurse Practitioner (ENP) and gained consent for his assessment. Mr Smith had been out dancing the previous night and thought he had been kicked in the back of his right lower leg. Since, he had described difficulty walking and not been able to bend his foot as normal. Despite walking tentatively Mr Smith manoeuvred himself onto the examination couch. From his facial expression he appeared comfortable and his pain had been reduced having taken his own paracetamol and ibuprofen. The worst pain had been last night and the patient described an ache this morning. Further analgesia was offered but declined by the patient. Physical examination: This was broken down into 5 key areas described by Guly (2002) Look (inspection) Feel (palpation) Movement Specialist tests Function During our course we have assessed neurovascular function as a separate examination. This will be assessed between movement and specialist tests. Look: Mr Smith was examined in a private cubicle. His trousers removed in order to expose both lower limbs for comparison. Mr Smith had no wounds, no obvious deformity, no erythema /cellulites and no bruising noted. There was noticeable swelling around the base of the calf in the soleus region on the medial aspect of the limb. Both limbs were of equal colour and warmth. No surgical scarring was observed on either limb. Feel: Palpation of lower leg then took place. In accordance with Gully (2002) this should take place from the joint above to the joint below. Palpation started from the knee joint downwards. From the examination of the knee joint no pain over bony land marks was elicited by the patient. The palpation moved distal towards the ankle, no bony tenderness was identified. The ankle was examined for bony tenderness. No tenderness was found at the posterior edge or tip of both the medial and lateral maleolus, the base of the 5th metatarsal or the navicular bone. Using Ottawa ankle rules (Hopkins, 2010) there was no indication to xray the ankle. Mr Smith was then asked to go into the prone position, this enabled a good comparative view of both limbs mainly the gastrocnemius muscles and the Achilles tendons. The gastrocnemius muscle was then palpated; although uncomfortable towards the distal muscle a specific tender point was not identified. The Achilles tendon was then palpated; this gave a specific origin for the pain. There was also bogginess (palpable step) in the lower third of the Achilles. Although a step was palpable Kerr (2005) indentified that not all ruptures have a palpable step, the cause of this unknown. Movement: Ankle movements were examined both active and passive. Mr Smith had good active dorsi flexion and normal plantar flexion of both ankles. However when examined with passive resistance there was a marked deficit on his right ankle. Sterling (2001) highlighted that even though normal range of motion is witnessed during active movement it is essential passive movement is carried out, and assumptions should not be made to the integrity of the Achilles tendon. Both medial and lateral ligaments were stressed with no laxity and good end feel. Finally an anterior draw test was performed, the ankle was stable. Neurovascular status: Mr Smith had normal sensation of his first web space, dorsum of foot and anterior and lateral aspect of lower leg. Mr Smith was able to dorsiflex and had normal toe plantar mechanism. Pedal pulse was also present. Specialist tests: Mr Smith was then asked to kneel onto the trolley and support himself using the wall. A Thompson- Simmons (calf squeeze) test was then performed. At this time Mr Smith had no plantar flexion movement. Johnson and Morelli (2001) details this is highly suggestive of a ruptured Achilles tendon. Prior to undertaking this assignment I was not aware of any other specialist tests other than ultrasound. These shall be discussed later. Function: Guly (2002) states the examination of a joint should include its functionality. Mr Smith was then asked to perform a calf heel raise (stand on tip-toes). He was unable to perform this task. Sterling et al (2001) summarised that a patient whose other plantar flexors are still functioning will not be able to perform this task if their Achilles is ruptured. Treatment: Mr Smith was diagnosed and treated as an Achilles tendon rupture. He was placed in an equinas cast and was given crutches to mobilise with, which he did very well. A referral was then made to our fracture clinic where he would be followed up with the orthopaedic team. Take home analgesia was offered but declined by the patient. Mr Smith asked about the long term plan of action, would he need surgery to repair his tendon. I answered honestly and stated I didnt know but endeavoured to find out from one of my colleagues. It was this lack of follow on care knowledge that has been one of the focuses for this case study. Having an extended knowledge base would further enable a holistic approach to care not only in the acute care environment but to also provide accurate information about the care the patient should expect to receive. This sharing of knowledge will hopefully enable the patient to make an informed choice about how they would like to proceed. The follow on from acut e injury to referral to fracture clinic is currently within 3 days. The patient will be presented if suitable with two options; surgical repair or conservative management. From reviewing the literature contributing towards this assignment it is clear the orthopaedic world is divided over these two strategies of care. However the common goal summarised by Patel and Haddad (2006) is a restoration of the normal length and tension of the Achilles tendon, allowing patients to regain their functional and desired level of activity. Fotiadis et al (2007) supports this and further discusses the importance of restoring length as this will preserve strength of the gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles, again improving functionality. Surgical repair: the procedure involves making a longitudinal incision on the medial aspect of the Achilles tendon. Normally the incision is between 8 and 10cm, the ends of the tendon are then sewn together using non-absorbable suture. Two types of stitch are favoured, Krackow or Bunnell. (see appendix A) Kerr (2005) highlights the advantages of surgical repair as Increased strength Reduced calf atrophy Less likely hood of re-rupture Faster return to sporting activities. However with any invasive procedure there will be a risk off Deep wound infection Deep vein thrombosis Delayed wound healing Scar adhesions Hyperesthesia or numbness of the skin After surgery the limb is immobilised with an equinas plaster or brace for between 6 to 8 weeks followed by physiotherapy. Non Surgical Management: Johnson and Morelli (2001) outlines that conservative management involves the patient being placed initially in an equinas cast. The immobilisation of the ankle plantar flexed between 40ÂÂ ° and 60ÂÂ ° enables the tendon to be stress free promoting the unification of the partial tear or rupture tendon. Having discussed the current treatment guidelines with my orthopaedic colleagues at the hospital the patient would be expected to return to fracture twice over a 6 week period. This would be to have a new POP each time and gradually have the degree of plantar flexion increased. The patient would remain on crutches, non weight bearing on the affected limb, to reduce the potential stress placed on the tendon. Having presented the case study and outlined initial management and expected follow up care, I would now like to introduce new methods of assessing for Achilles tendon rupture as stated on page 3. Matles Test: The patient is laid in the prone position with knees flexed at 90ÂÂ °. Both feet and ankles are observed for plantar flexion. The diagram below indicates the there is an increase in dorsi-flexion on the injured limb (right) Source: foot and ankle hyperbook (2011) The OBrien test: the patient lies in the prone position knees flexed at 90ÂÂ °. A small gauge needle is then inserted 10cm form the superior border of the calcaneus into the Achilles tendon. Passive dorsiflexion and plantar flexion movements are applied; absence of movement indicates a potential rupture. The Copeland test: the patient is laid in prone position with knees flexed at 90ÂÂ °. A sphygmomanometer is placed around the bulk of the calf and the pressure raised to 100mmHg with the ankle plantar flexed. When the ankle is dorsiflexed, in a non- injured Achilles tendon, pressure increases to 140mmHg. Where the Achilles is ruptured the pressure remains the same (Sterling et al, 2000). Other specialist diagnostic procedures can be performed i.e. ultrasound or MRI. These have been highlighted by Patel and Haddad (2006) as more accurate at detecting partial tears. Ultrasound is operator dependent and requires an experienced technician and radiologist and MRI carries a high cost and limited clinical value of what has already been diagnosed clinically. Differential diagnosis: During the initial history taking it is paramount an accurate detail history is taken leading up to the events. Majewski et al(2008) outlines 44% of Achilles injuries are misdiagnosed as ankle sprains or gastrocnemius injuries and advocates the use of the two specialists test previously identified; the calf squeeze test and the Maltes test. Majewski et al (2008) concludes along with proficient palpation of the Achilles tendon two positive tests is good evidence of a rupture. However reinforces the need for sonography (ultra-sound) to differentiate between partial and full tears. As ENPs we are usually the first clinician patients see with an acute injury. We have a vital role in demonstrating accurate history taking, assessment, treatment and referral to the appropriate speciality. Despite the patient having an injury it is important that we can provide the patient with accurate education and health promotion advice. It is recognised within our department that weekends have a high increase is sporting injuries who attend the emergency department. The main sports are rugby league and football. We have a great opportunity to impart knowledge to patients with injuries in order to hopefully reduce the incidence of new or re-occurring injury. In relation to Achilles injury or Achilles tendonitis Walker (2005) promotes warm up techniques, the benefits include: Increased blood flow to working muscles Increased range of movements Improved speed of contraction Increased temperature and hence increased elasticity Improved oxygen saturation As previously identified there is reduced vascularisation to part of the tendon, Henry et al (1986) concludes that warming up increases the flexibility of the joint involved and best results occur from static stretching. Another important factor to advice patients about is footwear. If possible hard backs of shoes should be padded as identified by Milroy (1994) these areas nudge the Achilles, often at the site of injury and wherever possible heels should be slightly raised to shorten the Achilles resulting in less injury from sudden lengthening. It is this information that I will be now documenting i.e. did they warm up prior to exercise and also conveying this to patients in order to reduce further injuries. Conclusion: As identified there is an increase in Achilles tendon rupture injuries hence more people will be attending the Emergency Department through direct referral from General practitioners and Walk in Centres/ Minor injuries units or from self presentation. From reviewing literature it is evident there is a significant number of misdiagnosis occurring around the area of injured Achilles tendons. Despite Mr Smiths diagnosis seeming straightforward I now have a greater appreciation of differential diagnosis and the effects misdiagnosis or delay in treatment can have on the short an

Analysis Of Various Dance Styles Drama Essay

Analysis Of Various Dance Styles Drama Essay Rumba is the most sensual and most romantic of all Latin dances. Its a dance that tells a story about love and affection between a male lover and a bashful teasing woman. The Rumba is a slow dance that is said to be the Grandfather of the Latin dances and the dance of love. To pull off a great rumba dancers must show a very soft hip. When dancing this dance dancers must never do heels leads all steps are taken using the balls of the feet and the walks should be strong and straight. The original Rumba originated from African slaves during the 16th century but during WW2 another dance known as The Son became popular in Cuba it was still the Rumba but slower. Paso Doble Paso Doble meaning double step in Spanish is the most masculine and dramatic dance of all Latin dances. Traditionally the Paso Doble is about the matador killing the bull in which the man is the matador and the women is either the cape or the bull. This dance is different from other Latin dances because it didnt come from Latin America it originated from southern France but it is modeled after the drama, movement and sound of the Spanish bullfight, because the dance came from France the steps are in French. In Paso Doble there has to be tension between the dancers and dancers take strong steps forward and include artistic hand movements. Samba is a fun, fast and energetic party dance from Brazils Rio Carnaval. This dance not like the other ones is made up of different South American dances incorporated into one. It requires a lot of hip action and is meant to look bouncy and effortless. It is the hardest dance of all Latin dances. Samba begun in Brazil in the 19th century and it is performed as a street dance at Brazils carnaval. Samba is very popular in Rio and in the United States. It was first introduced in the U.S in 1933. Samba is danced by using the balls of the feet. Many samba dances include a move called Botafogo. The basic step is called a Volta. Mambo Sensual, Passionate, fast and all about the hips the Mambo is a fun dance that has Cuban and African rhythms. It originated from the Haitians living in Cuba. Mambo is popular around the world as both a competitive and social dance. Waltz The Waltz is danced all over the world whether in weddings, parties or competitions. It is a very elegant dance that is meant to look effortless and graceful. In Waltz your posture, frame, and foot work have to be excellent to make it look pleasant. Throughout the dance couples must rise, fall, and turn while keeping a closed hold. The character for this dance should be romantic, smooth, and gentle. The word Waltz comes from the German word Waltzen which means to turn. The Waltz originated in the 17th century in southern Germany and then became popular in France and England. Tango Tango is one of the most intriguing Ballroom dances. Its a very passionate and very seductive dance. Tango is one of the most common and classic ballroom dances worldwide. Most people that watch the tango get easily confused with the argentine tango. Even though the tango is inspired by the argentine tango they are both completely different dances in which the argentine tango is more passionate and fiery while the tango is a more progressive dance. The Tango originated in Buenos Aires, Argentina in the late 19th Century. The story behind the tango is that the Gauchos would ride their horses all day and later would go to the bar and dance with the ladies and since they hadnt showered they would usually dance with their faces away from each other. Foxtrot The Foxtrot is a very classy and very elegant dance. It is similar to the quickstep but slower. It is one of the most popular ballroom dances in history. Its known for its smooth style. The foxtrot was developed in the 1920s in the United States. It was invented by American vaudeville actor Harry Fox who performed it with his wife regularly at shows in New York. As a result People fell in love with its smooth movements. In Foxtrot the slow steps are performed with the heel while the quick steps are performed with the toe. The timing in foxtrot is very important. Quickstep The Quickstep is a fast and happy dance with difficult footwork. It is the fastest ballroom dance but fun and easy to learn. This dance originated in a place that doesnt exist now-a-days, called Black Bottom in Detroit. During the 1920s while people danced the foxtrot many bands would play the music too fast for them to keep up and then eventually over time a fast version was formed. Like the Foxtrot Quickstep is elegant. In Quickstep in must include fast kicks, and smooth gliding action. The basic feel of the Quickstep is Slow-Quick-Quick-Slow where the Quick is performed on the balls of the feet and the Slow on the heel. To make this dance look effortless dancers must be light on their feet. The costumes in dancing are as important as the dance. And like the dance the costumes are complex. If you have the right music and the right choreography but the wrong costume the whole dance is going to look completely off. The costumes should help tell the story of the dance. Dance costumes have changed so much since the 19th century womens dresses have gotten shorter, more revealing and are showier. And mens trousers were more fitted. The costumes in dancing take a while to design and make as they are so difficult and often have a lot of patterns and sequences. So shows like Dancing with the stars, strictly come dancing and many more usually design their costumes at least 6 months in advanced. Latin and ballroom dance costumes are completely different from each other. Ballroom dance costumes men were tuxedos sometimes with tails and women wear long-mid half dresses because ballroom costumes cant be flashy but have to be light, long, and not glitzy so it can highlight the story and style of dance. While the Latin dances have to be short, exotic, and glitzy to show how spicy the dance is. For this type of dance women wear short colorful dresses with a lot of sequences and rhinestones while the men wear shirts and trousers. The make-up is also important. In ballroom is soft but in Latin its more dramatic

Latin American Hydroelectricity Research :: essays papers

Latin American Hydroelectricity Research Financial Analysis of Latin America Opportunity The following is an illustration of the financial feasibility of a joint venture hydro electricity power plant project in Central America. Estimating the estimated costs of our proposed project, our group chose to use Commonwealth Edison as a comparison. Commonwealth Edison, a subsidiary of Unicom Corp, is used as an assessment of our hypothetical costs of providing electricity for Central America. Using Commonwealth Edison we feel provides a good measure of the validity of estimated costs our corporation would incur. Generally Accepted Accounting Principals (GAAP), used by all U.S. corporations, is the highest standard in the world in determining the validity of a corporation's financial statements. In the subsequent paragraphs, we will demonstrate costs of the joint venture project. Future growth rates in Central America market share for electricity will be projected as well. One of the benefits that our corporation will have in expansion to Central America is a lower cost of capital. A substantially larger pool of investors would provide a larger supply of loanable funds. Having a greater selection of borrowers in the international market will reduce the cost of starting our firm in Central America. Portfolio diversification is another advantage that our firm will attain, in regards to foreign investment in the financing of our project. The projections of the percentage of debt our firm will incur will be discussed in the following paragraphs. In looking at the average debt to equity ratio (D/E) of hydroelectric firms in the U.S., we feel that a 67% debt / 33% equity structure would be feasible to initially launch our firm in Central America. To use a comparison, Commonwealth Edison's plant and equipment assets total $28.245 billion. Com Ed provides electricity for over 6.5 million residents in Chicago, and other segments of Illinois. The total population of Central America - (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, and Nicaragua) total to 35.5 million. Taking account these statistics, plant and equipments costs for our firm providing the Central American region would cost $154.22 billion. Using this cost estimate, we would finance $103.33 billion though new market issuance in the U.S. 30 -year Treasury market. At a $100,000/ per U.S. Treasury bond face amount, we would need to have access to 1.03 million 30 yr bond contracts, at the prevailing market interest rate of 6.

Whos Responsible for the Death of Eva Smith? :: An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestly Essays

Who's Responsible for the Death of Eva Smith? 'An Inspector Calls' is a play written by J.B. Priestly. Although the play was set in 1912, it was actually written in 1947. It was written after the events that were mentioned in the play, like the First World War and the sinking of the 'Titanic'. It is thought that J. B. Priestly's experience in World War One inspired him to write a story about how cruelly humans treat each other. In the 1910's there was a lot of cruelty and discrimination because of the different classes. The upper classes were cruel to the lower class because they were poorer and worked for the upper classes. Priestly wrote the play to make people aware of the social differences and how nasty people treat each other. If the upper classes were less pompous and treated the lower classes the same as everybody else, the country's wealth would be more evenly spread so there wouldn't be as much discrimination. 'An Inspector Calls' is a play which forces the audience to realise that every judgement made, every action taken, has an effect on another person. Priestly was well known for his involvement in human rights issues. He became known as 'The voice of the common people' The play 'An Inspector Calls' was written to show an audience about human cruelty. The inspector was there to show the family how nasty they are and he is trying to make them think about what they have done to make Eva kill herself. The inspector may have represented J.B. Priestly and he used the family to show the audience how he feels about the cruelty that goes on. The Inspector could have been a spirit, the name sounds like ghoul - Goole. He could have been representing the ghost of Eva Smith and he was trying to show the family how much they made Eva suffer. This can be shown by what the inspector said: "A pretty, lively sort of girl who never did anybody any harm. But she died in misery and agony-hating life-" and "She was here alone, friendless, almost penniless, desperate. She needed not only money but advice, sympathy, friendliness." The inspector may have represented the voice of conscience. Priestly based the inspector on his views of every day society. The inspector was annoyed with the upper classes because of the way they treated the lower classes. That might be the way Priestly thought and he was trying to get his points of view noticed by putting them into a play where many people would take notice. Priestly was also trying to say that society as a whole is responsible for tragedies, no one person

Young People Question their Antidepressants :: Psychology Pharmacy Papers

Young People Question their Antidepressants Like many eager freshmen this year, Amy* made Northeastern University her home with a burst of optimism and the excitement of a fresh start in a strange, new place. But just over a year ago, while a high school senior, she almost lost her chance for the college experience—her grades plummeted with her as she fell deeper into depressive episodes, putting her life and her academic future in jeopardy. The scars she etched in her body tell of her battles with depression, a painful mental disease she dealt with in secrecy for four years before finally seeking help. After years of self-mutilation and uncontrollable sadness, the 18-year-old music industry major started taking antidepressants, the controversial wonder-drugs she attributes her current happiness to. â€Å"I can handle my life much easier now,† she said. â€Å"I would not be able to function without them.† But while Amy embraces her prescription to Zoloft, Northeastern freshman music industry major Erin* plans to drop hers. The very medicine that helped Amy work her way to happiness has left 17-year-old Erin confused and wary of her treatments. Rather than freeing her from the hopelessness of depression, the antidepressant drugs left her apathetic and numb—and when her current prescription runs out, she won’t be refilling it. Antidepressant use in children and adolescents has surged in recent years, with 11 million prescriptions written in 2002 alone, a number that has tripled since the early 1990s. But the practice of prescribing the drugs to young people has attracted a cloud of controversy, with lackluster testing of the medicines and recent revelations that the drugs can lead to increased suicidality—the suicidal thoughts and actions that accompany depression. Still, demand is high and the rate of depression in young people is substantial. The Center for Mental Health Services, a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, found in a 1999 study that 6.5% of people aged 18-24 have major depression, yet fewer than 25% of those diagnosed will seek professional treatment—those who do will likely end up on antidepressants. While much about the treatment of depression remains a mystery, information about the illness in children and adolescents is even cloudier. Carol Glod, a local expert on depression and associate professor at the Bouve College of Nursing at Northeastern University, says the only solution is to conduct more research. â€Å"You have to do something for the person that has depression and, without the research, we don’t know what works,† she says. Young People Question their Antidepressants :: Psychology Pharmacy Papers Young People Question their Antidepressants Like many eager freshmen this year, Amy* made Northeastern University her home with a burst of optimism and the excitement of a fresh start in a strange, new place. But just over a year ago, while a high school senior, she almost lost her chance for the college experience—her grades plummeted with her as she fell deeper into depressive episodes, putting her life and her academic future in jeopardy. The scars she etched in her body tell of her battles with depression, a painful mental disease she dealt with in secrecy for four years before finally seeking help. After years of self-mutilation and uncontrollable sadness, the 18-year-old music industry major started taking antidepressants, the controversial wonder-drugs she attributes her current happiness to. â€Å"I can handle my life much easier now,† she said. â€Å"I would not be able to function without them.† But while Amy embraces her prescription to Zoloft, Northeastern freshman music industry major Erin* plans to drop hers. The very medicine that helped Amy work her way to happiness has left 17-year-old Erin confused and wary of her treatments. Rather than freeing her from the hopelessness of depression, the antidepressant drugs left her apathetic and numb—and when her current prescription runs out, she won’t be refilling it. Antidepressant use in children and adolescents has surged in recent years, with 11 million prescriptions written in 2002 alone, a number that has tripled since the early 1990s. But the practice of prescribing the drugs to young people has attracted a cloud of controversy, with lackluster testing of the medicines and recent revelations that the drugs can lead to increased suicidality—the suicidal thoughts and actions that accompany depression. Still, demand is high and the rate of depression in young people is substantial. The Center for Mental Health Services, a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, found in a 1999 study that 6.5% of people aged 18-24 have major depression, yet fewer than 25% of those diagnosed will seek professional treatment—those who do will likely end up on antidepressants. While much about the treatment of depression remains a mystery, information about the illness in children and adolescents is even cloudier. Carol Glod, a local expert on depression and associate professor at the Bouve College of Nursing at Northeastern University, says the only solution is to conduct more research. â€Å"You have to do something for the person that has depression and, without the research, we don’t know what works,† she says.

Mne Challenges in Emerging Markets Essay

International business and global innovation Individual report 1. Please discuss MNEs challenges in emerging markets? How can MNEs solve these? First of all, I would like to mention that It would be hard to describe challenges in emerging markets of the whole world, because question either can be roughly generalized or otherwise requires deep and wide research which is not the case right now. That’s why in my discussion I would like to stop on one country – Russia. The Russian economy is growing by 7. 7 per cent per year, supported by the soaring price of oil. But with stories about government corruption and mobsters, how attractive is the country for the more entrepreneurial-sized business? I would like to discuss some of the challenges most companies face while entering this emerging market. I would like not to talk in details about common problems and stereotypes which are often mentioned about Russia, amongst those I already noticed are high level of corruption, gangsters and seemed political instability. And one thing I would like to mention first is a labor problem. Management in Russia is faced presently with two major issues in the labor force: the battle for highly qualified specialists and the cost-to-productivity ratio. The battle for top specialists has become extremely rough in the recent time. Recruiting companies are very busy these days with headhunting. Professionals already receiving top salaries at multinational corporations are being stolen away, often by Russian majors, attracted by dramatic salary increases. It used to be that the professional would look at these offers with skepticism, questioning the reputation or stability of most Russian companies. Nowadays, these people do not worry as much and instead look at the cost-of-living, which is also rising dramatically, especially in major cities among which are Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and many others. The situation has gotten so bad that many companies are afraid to let their specialists be quoted in articles or to send them to conferences or other events where headhunters or competitors may be looking around in search for their next pray. It would be impossible for me not to notice the other side of this process which is the fact that labor market has become â€Å"spoiled.Salaries are steadily increasing but productivity levels are not. At the current salary levels, business owners and management are becoming increasingly sensitive to productivity levels and attempting to demand more work ethic and more productivity from their highly paid employees. At the same time, there is very little choice in the current market. More and more foreign-owned companies in partic ular seem to be looking more closely at hiring and importing foreigners, now that Russian salaries are roughly on par with those of foreigners in many sectors. Foreigners coming from countries known for higher productivity levels and initiative are especially attractive – minimally in the hopes that they can set an example. Young foreigners eager to gain experience in Russia’s developing market, are finding work – particularly in sales, client relations, business development, and marketing. So, generally it can be summed up that finding qualified local partners and employees is a difficult process. The pool of managers who understand Western accounting and business practices remains limited, as well as the pool of qualified, experienced Russians proficient in English. Another big challenge and â€Å"nightmare† for most foreign-owned companies operating in Russia is lease rates for commercial real-estate. It’s avoided by most foreign-operated Class A properties, but the situation is quiet bad in most of it’s sector lower. It is the rare landlord who fulfills most of his side of the contract. Moreover, rental contracts in Russia are usually biased toward the landlord. As a result foreign companies often find themselves looking for a new place. However, finding a better situation can be extremely difficult in Russia’s current real estate market. Centrally located, Class A property can run $USD 2000 and more per square meter per year. Bidding wars are not unusual and most other classes of property are seeing equal pressure. These are two challenges which I would like to point out, apart from that I’d like to briefly mention other challenges: * Government bureaucracy, poorly established rule of law and corruption affect such areas as establishing a business, tax collection, dispute settlement, property rights, product certification and standards, as well as Russian Customs clearance.Adequate financial resources for Russian buyers still remain a problem, but it is not as acute as it was in years past. There are more foreign banks operating in Russia and more cash circulating within the economy due to the Russian oil and gas boom. * The Russian government continues to use its oil and gas resources to increase the states’ ownership in certain strategic industries and companies. So it is not completely clear to forei gn companies which sectors are open to them for investment without Russian majority partners. The Russian Government continues its work on defining what are Russia’s strategic sectors. And after I stated challenges I must answer the second part of the question which is how to overcome these challenges. And in my view, a fundamental consideration must be there as a major phase of preparation if someone is going to go into Russia. This preparation involves surrounding company’s branch with reliable people, having an adequate concept of what is to be done and a well-defined strategy plan. You also need the necessary investment capacity and time arranged to follow this way. 2. You are expatriated to work in an emerging market (e.India or Brazil) What capabilities do you need? What and how can firm provide you for the expatriation in emerging markets? (Maybe take one country as example) I think generally company must have an on-going business processes with the country, otherwise the necessity of having employees overseas is indistinct. There can be several cases when headquarters would need their employee to be expatriated to the subsidiary or partner company, f or example:* Company knowledge and experience diffusion or sharing; * Leader position in one of the overseas branches;Emerging market opportunities opened etc. Brazil is a great example of an emerging market. And if life will propose the opportunity for me to work there, I think I’d take it with great pleasure. Of course, there’re certain capabilities I must possess to take this kind of job opportunity: * Particularity of doing business in Brazil is that a potential Brazilian partner is essentially looking for two things: someone they like and trust as well as someone who is competent in business. The most important of these is to build a strong relationship first which will then naturally lead to trust. Time must be invested in getting to know people on a personal level in order to allow for open and honest discussions in business. So, naturally, the environment will require from me to be a trustworthy, sophisticated person with a clear understanding of benefits and goals. * Another point Brazilians usually comment on is the tendency of European and American business people to â€Å"get straight down to business†. This can be seen as offensive and even aggressive. It is good practice to indulge in small talk whether it is asking about their children or chatting about the latest news or football (soccer) results. This interesting feature of business ethics will require from me a positive, easygoing attitude at all times. * Despite Brazil poses as an emerging, fast-growing market English proficiency still remains low levels especially in the social sector and in the matter of daily life. So in my understanding extradition to Brazil will be more effective with readiness to learn Portuguese at least until the level which will allow me to be independent on the matter of daily life, e. g. survival level of it. * Apart from all of that, I should have a clear view of business ethics and interpersonal relationship customs in Brazil. One of the important things is that I will have to be ready for a total change of values and concepts in any part of business and social life. In fact, that rule can be applied to all of cultures. In Rome act like a Roman.

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 3 University

STREELING UNIVERSITY- An prototypic appearance of mettle some learn in the Streeling Sector of antediluvian patriarch Trantor Despite comp eachowely these claims to fame in the handle of the gentlemans gentlemanities and sciences a want, it is non for those that the University looms double in to daylight f all(prenominal)ibles consciousness. It would probably start give a guidance come as a summarize surprise to the generations of scholars at the University to k direct that in later clock Streeling University would be most remembered beca accustom of goods and services a current Hari Seldon, during the period of The F unobjectionable, had been in re berthnce in that respect for a short beat.Encyclopedia astronomicala11.Hari Seldon delayed uncomfortably silent for a patch aft(prenominal)warfargond Hummins une operational illuminatederary argument. He shrank within himself in sudden recognition of his stock deficiencies.He had invented a bleak science ps ychohi flooring. He had ext stamp asideed the laws of probability in a truly subtle manner to retain into account new complexities and un certain(a)(a)ties and had ended up with elegant equations in innumerable unkn accepts. mayhap an infinite soma he couldnt rank. al atomic number 53 it was a mathematical game and nobody more. He had psychohistory-or at least the bum of psychohistory upright wing sole(prenominal) if as a mathematical curiosity. W present was the historical birth intercourseledge that could perchance give or so meaning to the desolate equations?He had n genius. He had never been inte detained in history. He knew the extinctline of heliconian history. Courses in that underage fragment of the human story had, of course, been compulsory in the Heliconian schools. al bingle what was at that federal agency beyond that? Surely what else he had picked up was merely the b ar skeletons that e veryone ga at that placed-one-half legend, the separate( a) half certainly distorted. Still, how could one guess that the galactic pudding stone was dying? It had existed for ten k historic period as an accepted conglomerate and point before that, Trantor, as the dandy of the dominating kingdom, had held what was a virtual conglomerate for dickens thousand years. The conglomerate had survived the beforehand(predicate) centuries when exclusively sections of the Galaxy would now and hence refuse to accept the end of their local independence. It had survived the vicissitudes that went with the everyday rebellions, the dynastic wars, few somber periods of breakd decl be. Most worlds had s political machinecely been chafed by such things and Trantor itself had gr birth steadily until it was the world(a) human habitation that now called itself the consummate(a) World.To be sure, in the last intravenous feeding centuries, turmoil had increased somehow and in that location had been a rash of em empurpledd assassinations and take everyw presents. however scour that was calming down and flop now the Galaxy was as quietude as it had ever been. Under Cleon I and before him under his father, Stanel VI, the worlds were prosperous-and Cleon himself was non considered a tyrant. Even those who dis uniformd the Imperium as an institution r bely had twainthing truly bad to assert close to Cleon, much as they world power inveigh against Eto Demerzel. why, consequently, should Hummin study that the Galactic empire was dying-and with such conviction?Hummin was a journalist. He probably knew Galactic history in some detail and he had to project the current situation in huge detail. Was it this that supplied him with the get it onledge that lay behind his statement? In that case, near what was the knowledge?several(prenominal) successions Seldon was on the point of asking, of demanding an answer, exactly on that point was something in Hummins solemn incline that stop him. And on that point wa s something in his own ingrained belief that the Galactic conglomerate was a given, an axiom, the plantation stone on which all argument rested that delayed him similarly. after all, if that was wrong, he didnt desire to know. No, he couldnt remember that he was wrong. The Galactic Empire could no more come to an end than the globe itself could. Or, if the Universe did end, so-and only thence-would the Empire end.Seldon unsympathetic his eyes, attempting to sleep exactly, of course, he could not. Would he flummox to playing atomic number 18a the history of the Universe in set up to occur his theory of psychohistory?How could he? Twenty-five meg worlds existed, each with its own end slightly complex history. How could he study all that? at that place were book-films in some volumes, he knew, that dealt with Galactic history. He had steady skimmed one once for some now-forgotten reason and had found it too weaken to imbibe compensate halfway finished.The book- films had dealt with grave worlds. With some, it dealt through all or approximately all their history with other(a)s, only as they gained importance for a meter and only till they faded away. He remembered having attend toed up Helicon in the index and having found only one citation. He had punched the keys that would malefactor up that citation and found Helicon included in a list of worlds which, on one occasion, had temporarily seamed up behind a certain claimant to the Imperial throne who had failed to perform solid his claim. Helicon had escaped retri exclusivelyion on that occasion, probably because it was not level reach sufficiently important to be punished.What devout was such a history? Surely, psychohistory would sop up to take into account the actions and reactions and interactions of each world-each and every world. How could one study the history of twenty-five zillion worlds and consider all their possible interactions? It would surely be an impossible ta sk and this was fitting one more reinforcement of the general conclusion that psychohistory was of theoretical interest besides could never be put to every applicative use. Seldon felt a aristocratical push forward and principaly that the air- hack writer moldiness be decelerating.Whats up? he asked.I opine weve come far becoming, tell Hummin, to risk a small stop consonant for a bite to eat, a trash of something or other, and a visit to a washroom.And, in the course of the next cardinal minutes, during which the air-taxi slowed steadily, they came to a lighted recess. The taxi swerved self-whispered and found a parking feeling among five or six other vehicles.12.Hummins practiced eye reckoned to take in the recess, the other taxis, the diner, the walkways, and the men and women all at a glance. Seldon, laborious to look invisible and again not knowing how, watched him, ingrain not to do so too intently.When they sat down at a small table and punched in their orders , Seldon, attempting to start indifferent, give tongue to, Everything okay?Seems so, give tongue to Hummin.How notify you tell?Hummin let his dark eyes rest on Seldon for a moment. Instinct, he verbalize. geezerhood of intelligence service meeting. You look and know, No news here. Seldon n anomaloused and felt relieved. Hummin energy study introduce it sardonically, besides there essential be a certain amount of real statement to it. His satisfaction did not last through the first bite of his sandwich. He looked up at Hummin with his mouth teeming and with a look of hurt surprise on his face.Hummin state, This is a wayside diner, my friend. Cheap, fast, and not very favorable. The diets homegrown and has an infusion of rather nappy yeast. Trantorian palates argon used to it.Seldon swallowed with difficulty. and guts in the hotel-You were in the Imperial Sector, Seldon. solid quiznder is imported there and where microfood is used it is high-quality. It is t o a fault expensive.Seldon wondered whether to take some other bite. You mean that as long as I check on Trantor-Hummin made a hushing motion with his lips. Dont give anyone the touch sensation that youre used to break up. at that place be places on Trantor where to be determine as an aristocrat is worse than be identified as an Outworlder. The food wont be so bad everywhere, I discipline you. These wayside places attain a account for low quality. If you foundation stomach that sandwich, youll be able to eat anywhere on Trantor. And it wont hurt you. Its not decayed or bad or anything alike that. It honourable has a harsh, fortified taste and, honestly, you may grow accustomed to it. Ive met Trantorians who spit out honest food and say it lacks that homegrown tang.Do they grow much food on Trantor? asked Seldon. A quick side glance showed him there was no one seated in the immediate neighbourhood and he spoke quietly. Ive always hear it takes twenty surrounding world s to supply the hundreds of cargo ships required to feed Trantor every day.I know. And hundreds to carry off the load of wastes. And if you want to accommodate the story really goodish, you say that the same freight ships carry food one way and waste the other. Its true that we import considerable quantities of food, save thats more often than not luxury items. And we export considerable waste, conservatively treated into in offensiveness, as important original fertilizer-every bit as important to other worlds as the food is to us. tho thats only a small fraction of the whole.It is?Yes. In addition to fish in the sea, there ar gardens and truck farms everywhere. And fruit trees and bird and rabbits and vast microorganism farms-usually called yeast farms, though the yeast makes up a nonage of the growths. And our wastes are mostly used right here at home to concur all that growth. In fact, in umpteen ways Trantor is very much like an enormous and overgrown space stop. make for hold of you ever visited one of those?Indeed I imbibe.Space settlements are essentially enclose cities, with everything artificially cycled, with artificial ventilation, artificial day and night, and so on. Trantor is different only in that even the largest space settlement has a population of only ten million and Trantor has four thousand measure that. Of course, we bugger off real gravity. And no space settlement can match us in our microfoods. We call for yeast vats, fungal vats, and algae ponds vast beyond the imagination. And we are salutary on artificial flavoring, added with no light hand. Thats what gives the taste to what youre eating.Seldon had gotten through most of his sandwich and found it not as offensive as the first bite had been. And it wont shanghai me?It does hit the intestinal flora and every once in a while it afflicts some poor Outworlder with diarrhea, exactly thats rare, and you indurate even to that quickly. Still, drink your handshake, which you probably wont like. It contains an antidiarrhetic that should preserve you practiced, even if you tend to be photosensitive to such things.Seldon state querulously, Dont talk near it, Hummin. A someone can be suggestible to such things.Finish the milkshake and forget the suggestibility.They finished the rest of their meal in silence and soon were on their way again.13.They were now racing rapidly through the tunnel once more. Seldon decided to give voice to the question that had been peck at him for the last hour or so.why do you say the Galactic Empire is dying?Hummin false to look at Seldon again. As a journalist, I watch statistics poured into me from all sides till theyre wring out of my ears. And Im allowed to publish very tiny of it. Trantors population is decreasing. Twenty-five years ago, it stood at almost forty-five billion. Partly, this decrease is because of a decline in the birthrate. To be sure, Trantor never has had a high birthrate. If youll lo ok closely you when youre traveling on Trantor, you wont encounter very many another(prenominal) children, considering the enormous population. precisely just the same its declining. and so too there is emigration. People are leaving Trantor in greater numbers than are arriving.Considering its large population, verbalize Seldon, thats not surprising.But its fantastic just the same because it hasnt happened before. Again, all over the Galaxy trade is stagnating. People speak up that because there are no rebellions at the moment and because things are quiet that all is well and that the difficulties of the past few centuries are over. However, political infighting, rebellions, and unrest are all signs of a certain vitality too. But now theres a general weariness. Its quiet, not because people are satisfied and prosperous, only if because theyre trite and have given up.Oh, I dont know, said Seldon dubiously.I do. And the antigrav phenomenon weve talked about is another case in point. We have a few gravitic lifts in operation, entirely new ones arent being constructed. Its an unprofitable venture and there look outms no interest in trying to make it profitable. The rate of technological advance has been slowing for centuries and is down to a flinch now. In some cases, it has stopped altogether. Isnt this something youve notice? After all, youre a mathematician.I cant say Ive given the number any thought.No one does. Its accepted. Scientists are very good these days at saying that things are impossible, im pragmatic, useless(prenominal). They condemn any speculation at once. You, for instance-What do you think of psychohistory? It is theoretically interesting, but it is useless in any serviceable sense. Am I right?Yes and no, said Seldon, annoyed. It is useless in any mulish sense, but not because my sense of embark has decayed, I assure you. It really it useless.That, at least, said Hummin with a shadower of sarcasm, is your impression in this at mosphere of decay in which all the Empire lives.This atmosphere of decay, said Seldon angrily, is your impression. Is it possible that you are wrong?Hummin stopped and for a moment appeared thoughtful. Then he said, Yes, I baron be wrong. I am speaking only from intuition, from guesses. What I acquire is a processing proficiency of psychohistory.Seldon shrugged and did not take the bait. He said, I dont have such a technique to give you.-But suppose youre right. Suppose the Empire it running down and volition at long last stop and fall apart. The human species forget let off exist.Under what conditions, man? For to the highest degree twelve thousand years, Trantor, under strong rulers, has largely kept the peace. thitherve been interruptions to that-rebellions, localized civilised wars, tragedy in plenty-but, on the whole and over large areas, there has been peace. Why is Helicon so pro-Imperium? Your world, I mean. Because it is small and would be devoured by its neighbor s were it not that the Empire agrees it secure.Are you predicting universal war and disintegration if the Empire fails?Of course. Im not fond of the emperor moth or of the Imperial institutions in general, but I dont have any turn for it. I dont know what else get out keep the peace and Im not ready to let go until I have something else in hand.Seldon said, You talk as though you are in control of the Galaxy. You are not ready to let go? You must have something else in hand? Who are you to talk so?Im speaking generally, figuratively, said Hummin. Im not worried about Chetter Hummin personally. It might be said that the Empire forgeting last my time it might even show signs of improvement in my time. Declines dont arrive a straight-line path. It may be a thousand years before the nett crash and you might well consider I would be dead then and, certainly, I will leave no descendants. As far as women are concerned, I have nix but the occasional casual attachment and I have no children and intend to have none. I have given no hostages to fortune.-I looked you up after your talk, Seldon. You have no children either.I have parents and two brothers, but no children. He smiled rather weakly. I was very attached to a char at one time, but it seemed to her that I was attached more to my mathematics.Were you?It didnt seem so to me, but it seemed so to her. So she left.And you have had no one since?No. I remember the pain too all the way as yet.Well then, it might seem we could both wait out the division and leave it to other people, well after our time, to suffer. I might have been instinctive to accept that earlier, but no longer. For now I have a stopcock I am in command.Whats your creature? asked Seldon, already knowing the answer.You said Hummin.And because Seldon had cognise what Hummin would say, he wasted no time in being shocked or astonished. He simply move his head and said, You are quite wrong. I am no tool fit for use.Why not?Seldon sighed. How often must I repeat it? Psychohistory is not a practical study. The difficulty is fundamental. All the space and time of the Universe would not suffice to work out the necessary problems.Are you certain of that?Unfortunately, yes. in that locations no question of your working out the inherent future of the Galactic Empire, you know. You neednt trace out in detail the workings of every human being or even of every world. There are merely terrain questions you must answer allow the Galactic Empire crash and, if so, when? What will be the condition of humanity subsequently? Can anything be done to prevent the crash or to ameliorate conditions afterward? These are comparatively simple questions, it seems to me.Seldon shook his head and smiled sadly. The history of mathematics is full of simple questions that had only the most complicated of answers-or none at all.Is there nothing to be done? I can see that the Empire is falling, but I cant prove it. All my conclusions are es sential and I cannot show that I am not mistaken. Because the view is a seriously unsettling one, people would prefer not to cogitate my subjective conclusion and nothing will be done to prevent the illuminate or even to cushion it. You could prove the attack Fall or, for that matter, disprove it.But that is exactly what I cannot do. I cant drive you proof where none exists. I cant make a mathematical system practical when it isnt. I cant find you two even numbers that will yield an odd number as a sum, no matter how vitally your all the Galaxy-may need that odd number.Hummin said, Well then, youre part of the decay. Youre ready to accept failure.What choice have I?Cant you try? However useless the parturiency may seem to you to be, have you anything better to do with your life? Have you some worthier goal? Have you a resolve that will justify you in your own eyes to some greater bound? Seldons eyes blinked rapidly. Millions of worlds. Billions of cultures. Quadrillions of pe ople. Decillions of interrelationships.-And you want me to reduce it to order.No, I want you to try. For the sake of those millions of worlds, billions of cultures, and quadrillions of people. non for the emperor. Not for Demerzel. For humanity.I will fail, said Seldon.Then we will be no worse off. Will you try?And against his will and not knowing why, Seldon heard himself say, I will try.And the course of his life was set.14.The journey came to its end and the air-taxi moved into a much large lot than the one at which they had eaten. (Seldon until now remembered the taste of the sandwich and made a wry face.)Hummin sullen in his taxi and came back, placing his credit slip in a small pocket on the cozy surface of his shirt. He said, Youre completely safe and sound here from anything outright and slack. This is the Streeling Sector.Streeling?Its put upd for someone who first opened up the area to settlement, I imagine. Most of the sectors are named for someone or other, whic h means that most of the names are ugly and some are demanding to pronounce. full the same, if you try to have the inhabitants here flip-flop Streeling to Sweetsmell or something like that, youll have a fight on your hands.Of course, said Seldon, sniffing loudly, it isnt exactly Sweetsmell.Hardly anywhere in Trantor is, but youll get used to it.Im sword lily were here, said Seldon. Not that I like it, but I got quite tired sitting in the taxi. Getting slightly Trantor must be a horror. book binding on Helicon, we can get from any one place to any other by air, in far less time than it took us to travel less than two thousand kilometers here.We have air-jets too.But in that case-I could arrange an air-taxi excite more or less anonymously. It would have been much more difficult with an air-jet. And regardless of how safe it is here, Id feel better if Demerzel didnt know exactly where you were.-As a matter of fact, were not done yet. Were going to take the pike for the final s tage.Seldon knew the expression. One of those open monorails mournful on an electromagnetic field, right?Right.We dont have them on Helicon. Actually, we dont need them there. I rode on an information superhighway the first day I was on Trantor. It took me from the airport to the hotel. It was rather a novelty, but if I were to use it all the time, I imagine the noise and crowds would release overpowering.Hummin looked amused. Did you get lost?No, the signs were useful. There was trouble get on and off, but I was helped. Everyone could tell I was an Outworlder by my clothes, I now ensure. They seemed eager to help, though I guess because it was amusing to watching me flitter and stumble.As an expert in pike travel by now, you will neither hesitate nor stumble. Hummin said it pleasantly enough, though there was a slight rack to the corners of his mouth. Come on, then.They sauntered leisurely along the walkway, which was lit to the extent one might impart of an overcast day a nd that brightened now and then as though the sun from time to time broke through the clouds. Automatically, Seldon looked upward to see if that were indeed the case, but the sky above was blankly luminous. Hummin saw this and said, This change in brightness seems too suit the human psyche. There are days when the street seems to be in bright sun and days when it is rather darker than it is now.But no rain or snow?Or hail or sleet. No. Nor high humidity nor bitter cold. Trantor has its points, Seldon, even now.There were people walking in both directions and there were a considerable number of five-year-old people and to a fault some children accompanying the adults, despite what Hummin had said about the birthrate. All seemed reasonably prosperous and reputable. The two sexes were equally represented and the clothing was distinctly more subdued than it had been in the Imperial Sector. His own costume, as chosen by Hummin, fit right in. Very few were wearing hats and Seldon tha nkfully removed his own and swung it at his side. There was no thickset abyss separating the two sides of the walkway and as Hummin had predicted in the Imperial Sector, they were walking at what seemed to be ground level. There were no vehicles either and Seldon pointed this out to Hummin.Hummin said, There are quite a number of them in the Imperial Sector because theyre used by officials. Elsewhere, private vehicles are rare and those that are used have separate tunnels uncommunicative for them. Their use is not really necessary, since we have expressways and, for shorter distances, moving corridors. For still shorter distances, we have walkways and we can use our legs.Seldon heard occasional softened sighs and creaks and saw, some distance off, the endless freeing of Expressway cars.There it is, he said, pointing.I know, but let us move on to a boarding station. There are more cars there and it is easier to get on.Once they were safely ensconced in an Expressway car, Seldon turned to Hummin and said, What amazes me is how quiet the Expressways are. I realize that they are mass-p traffic circlelled by an electromagnetic field, but it seems quiet even for that. He listened to the occasional metallic groan as the car they were on shifted against its neighbors.Yes, its a marvelous network, said Hummin, but you dont see it at its peak. When I was younger, it was quieter than it is now and there are those who say that there wasnt as much as a whisper fifty years ago-though I suppose we might make allowance for the idealization of nostalgia.Why isnt it that way now?Because it isnt maintained properly. I told you about decay.Seldon frowned. Surely, people dont sit around and say, Were decaying. Lets let the Expressways fall apart. No, they dont. Its not a purpose-made thing. Bad spots are patched, rheumy coaches refurbished, magnets replaced. However, its done in more haphazard fashion, more carelessly, and at greater intervals. There just arent enough cred its available.Where have the credits gone?Into other things. Weve had centuries of unrest. The dark blue is much larger and many times more expensive than it once was. The build up forces are much better-paid, in order to keep them quiet. Unrest, revolts, and minor blazes of civil war all take their toll.But its been quiet under Cleon. And weve had fifty years of peace.Yes, but soldiers who are well-paid would resent having that pay lessen just because there is peace. Admirals resist mothballing ships and having themselves cut in rank simply because there is less for them to do. So the credits still go-unproductively-to the armed forces and vital areas of the social good are allowed to deteriorate. Thats what I call decay. Dont you? Dont you think that eventually you would fit that sort of view into your psychohistorical notions?Seldon stirred uneasily. Then he said, Where are we going, by the way?Streeling University.Ah, thats why the sectors name was familiar. Ive heard of the University.Im not surprised. Trantor has nearly a hundred thousand institutions of higher learning and Streeling is one of the thousand or so at the top of the heap.Will I be staying there?For a while. University campuses are unbreathable sanctuaries, by and large. You will be safe there.But will I be welcome there?Why not? Its solid to find a good mathematician these days. They might be able to use you. And you might be able to use them too-and for more than just a hide place.You mean, it will be a place where I can develop my notions.You have promised, said Hummin gravely.I have promised to try, said Seldon and thought to himself that it was about like shining to try to make a rope out of sand.15.Conversation had run out after that and Seldon watched the structures of the Streeling Sector as they passed. close to were quite low, while some seemed to swing out the sky. Wide crosspassages broke the progression and grass alleys could be seen.At one point, it strike him that though the buildings rose upward they also swept downward and that perhaps they were deeper than they were high. As soon as the thought occurred to him, he was convinced it was true. Occasionally, he saw patches of thou in the background, farther back from the Expressway, and even small trees.He watched for quite a while and then became aware that the light was growing dimmer. He squinted about and turned to Hummin, who guessed the question.The afternoon is waning, he said, and night is coming on.Seldons eyebrows raised and the corners of his mouth turned downward. Thats impressive. I have a picture of the entire satellite darkening and then, some hours from now, visible radiation up again.Hummin smiled his small, careful smile. Not quite, Seldon. The planet is never turned off altogether-or turned on either. The shadow of twilight sweeps crossways the planet gradually, followed half a day later by the slow brightening of dawn. In fact, the effect follows the actual day and nigh t above the domes quite closely, so that in higher altitudes day and night change length with the seasons.Seldon shook his head, But why close in the planet and then mimic what would be in the open?I presume because people like it better that way. Trantorians like the advantages of being enclosed, but they dont like to be reminded of it unduly, just the same. You know very little about Trantorian psychology, Seldon.Seldon colour slightly. He was only a Heliconian and he knew very little about the millions of worlds away(p) Helicon. His ignorance was not confined to Trantor. How, then, could he go for to come up with any practical applications for his theory of psychohistory?How could any number of people-all together-know enough? It reminded Seldon of a puzzle that had been presented to him when he was young Can you have a comparatively small piece of platinum, with handholds affixed, that could not be lifted by the bare, unaided lastingness of any number of people, no matter ho w many?The answer was yes. A three-d meter of platinum weighs 22,420 kilograms under measuring stick gravitational pull. If it is assumed that each person could heave 120 kilograms up from the ground, then 188 people would suffice to lift the platinum.-But you could not squeeze 188 people around the cube-shaped meter so that each one could get a grip on it. You could perhaps not squeeze more than 9 people around it. And levers or other such devices were not allowed. It had to be bare, unaided strength.In the same way, it could be that there was no way of getting enough people to handle the total amount of knowledge required for psychohistory, even if the facts were stored in computers rather than in mortal human brains. Only so many people could gather round the knowledge, so to speak, and communicate it.Hummin said, You seem to be in a brown study, Seldon.Im considering my own ignorance.A useful task. Quadrillions could profitably join you.-But its time to get off.Seldon looked up. How can you tell?Just as you could tell when you were on the Expressway your first day on Trantor. I go by the signs.Seldon caught one just as it went by STREELING UNIVERSITY-3 MINUTES.We get off at the next boarding station. pale your step.Seldon followed Hummin off the coach, noting that the sky was deep purple now and that the walkways and corridors and buildings were all lighting up, suffused with a yellow glow.It might have been the gathering of a Heliconian night. Had he been placed here blindfolded and had the blindfold been removed, he might have been convinced that he was in some particularly well-built-up inner component of one of Helicons larger cities.How long do you suppose I will remain at Streeling University, Hummin? he asked.Hummin said in his usual calm fashion, That would be hard to say, Seldon. Perhaps your whole life.WhatPerhaps not. But your life stopped being your own once you gave that paper on psychohistory. The Emperor and Demerzel recognized your im portance at once. So did I. For all I know, so did many others. You see, that means you dont belong to yourself anymore.